Anoop N. R., Thalavaipandi S., Selvakumar, M. B. Prashanth, Arjun Kannan, T. Ganesh

OIKOS |  October 24, 2025

The study identified seeds in 670 (21%) of the 3216 pellets collected from pallid harrier Circus macrourus and Montagu’s harrier Circus pygargus winter roosts between 2016 and 2023 across three key wintering regions in India. The analysis revealed that harriers secondarily disperse intact seeds from 137 plant species across 23 families, including 64 monocots and 73 dicots .